The Vocal Tract en 13:41

 

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Starting from the outer extreme, we have the lips and the teeth. In the upper surface, behind the upper teeth, there is a bumpy area (alveolar ridge), which is followed by a larger bony area (hard palate). Further back is a flaccid area, the ‘soft palate’ (or ‘velum’) which is unsupported by bone. The soft palate is a movable organ, which opens and closes the velopharyngeal passage (the passage that links the pharynx to the nasal cavity). Finally, at the back, the velum narrows to a long, thin pointed structure that is called the ‘uvula’.

In the lower part of the mouth, after the lower lip and the teeth, lies the tongue. The ‘tip’ (or ‘apex’) of the tongue is the foremost part. Just behind the tip is the small surface called the ‘blade’ (or ‘lamina’).  The so-called ‘front’ part of the tongue is the area between tip/blade and the center. The hindmost part of the horizontal surface of the tongue is called the ‘back’ (or ‘dorsum’). At the end of the tongue, we have the ‘root’, which is the vertical surface against the pharyngeal wall. Finally, we have the ‘epiglottis’, which is a leaf-shaped cartilage that sticks up and back from the larynx.